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Vet Pathol 41:658-665 (2004)
© 2004 American College of Veterinary Pathologists

Obliterative Endophlebitis in Mute Swans (Cygnus olor) Caused by Trichobilharzia sp. (Digenea: Schistosomatidae) Infection

G. H. van Bolhuis, J. M. Rijks, G. M. Dorrestein, J. Rudolfova, M. van Dijk and T. Kuiken

Dutch Wildlife Health Center, Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (GHVB, JMR, TK); Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (GMD); Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (JR); and Bird and Hedgehog Sanctuary ‘de Mikke,’ Middelburg, The Netherlands (MVD)

Schistosome infections in mammals cause chronic proliferative vascular lesions associated with the presence of adult parasites in the lumen of mesenteric and portal veins. In birds, however, this has never been reported. In this study, we found obliterative endophlebitis associated with the presence of adult schistosomes (Trichobilharzia sp., probably Trichobilharzia filiformis) as the main pathologic finding in five of eight mute swans (Cygnus olor). On histologic examination, the intestinal and portal veins of these swans showed moderate to severe, diffuse, hyperplastic endophlebitis, characterized by myointimal hyperplasia, often with obliteration of the vascular lumen. In addition, moderate to severe lymphocytic and granulocytic enteritis occurred in all eight swans associated with the presence of schistosome eggs in the intestinal mucosa. Other findings included hepatic and splenic hemosiderosis and high hepatic copper levels. The vascular lesions associated with Trichobilharzia sp. infection may have contributed to the emaciation and death of those mute swans by obstruction of venous return in the intestinal and portal veins.

Key words: Copper; Cygnus olor; lead; mute swans; obliterative endophlebitis; schistosome; schistosomiasis; Trichobilharzia sp; zinc.

Request reprints from Dr. T. Kuiken, Dutch Wildlife Health Center, Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam (The Netherlands). E-mail: t.kuiken{at}erasmusmc.nl






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